Marcel Primary and Secondary Reflection free essay sample

This talk is begun by Marcel subsequent to examining about truth as a worth, the setting of any sort of thought however there is this particular character of philosophical idea that is reflection. It is about not simply the importance of something from the outset yet by testing all the more profoundly to the significance of things and encounters that we experience. 2. Marcel will represent how reflection is established in day by day life by giving models that show the significance of examining all the more profoundly into thought. 3. Reflection occurs because of an event of a wonder that is a break from the every day ordinary life. In the event that the wonder includes something that is significant to me, at that point, the reflection turns into an individual demonstration where nobody can reflect for oneself however oneself. In the event that the watch was not significant to me in any case no reflection would have happened for it would simply have been something that happened and not something that one would call as an encounter. We will compose a custom paper test on Marcel Primary and Secondary Reflection or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 4. The falsehood that I made in the model was the event that was a break from the ordinary regular daily existence. I viewed myself as reliable and legitimate subsequently lying was undoubtedly a marvel for me. Very similar things can be said for this circumstance simply like in the past one. The wonder has driven me to reflect for myself and test profoundly to the falsehood that I made. I arrive at such inquiries as who I truly am for I was at that point not the man who I thought he was. 5. This model is tied in with being baffled to somebody for something that they did and afterward, recollecting a memory where I have done a comparable thing. Being frustrated to somebody was the break from typical regular daily existence since dissatisfactions possibly happen when your desires don't meet with the truth. This has prompted the subject of who I truly am on the grounds that I am disillusioned at somebody who was actually simply like me previously. I am not the man who I truly thought I was any longer. This end originates from the reflection for oneself where one investigates profoundly into the importance of one wonder. The reflection can leave me in anguish yet I am freed. 6. In the last model, acknowledge come to me from the things I have investigated to all the more profoundly. I am as of now a superior communicator to myself and to my companion for I have annihilated the obstruction that once remained there to hinder our correspondence. This is the freeing some portion of reflection. Where I was once anguished by the considerations that I had in light of what I reflected at this point it brought something freeing to my life. 7. The third model as I expressed was about correspondence. This unmistakably shows the significance of the thought of intercourse. This shows I need others and that others need me. I need individuals who need me to cause me to guarantee myself of my mindfulness that I am mindful of myself. 8. Life is unified with reflection yet there is by all accounts and complaint that separates existence with reflection. Life is hot while reflection is cold. Life resembles a fire igniting with voices and encounters in the works. Explosions of vitality desire ceaseless wellsprings of feelings of euphoria and pity. Reflection will in general make this idea as something that one would just examine and not experience. Much the same as a vehicle broken into pieces and examined. 9. The appearance in the inebriated youngster comes to him when acknowledges things that are critical to him like his future. This is the something that is significant to him that causes him to think about his activities. The rash things he said because of his inebriation was the wonder that caused him to reflect. His life was what was in question so then he needed to consider the things that he did and investigate all the more profoundly the results one activity of his strength do to his life. Different models like the detainee and the mother cause me to ask myself inquiries like â€Å"What am I truly living for? † â€Å"Who am I living for? â€Å"What things do I live by? † These are questions whose answers have an extraordinary effect upon my life for these are the things that fuel my regular daily existence. I need to recognize what I live for and know without a doubt that is something that is significant to me. It must be something worth living and biting the dust for so I can say to myself that I have carried on with my life to the fullest consistently. 10. Reflection ought to be unified with my life. It isn't the trouble maker in the film any longer however the one that makes all the difference. Reflection makes us test profoundly into things and free us from our restricted reasoning. In any case, on the off chance that we use reflection to lessen life to animalism, at that point this makes reflection the foe and as something that is an indiscernible idea. 11. Experience and reflection are practically equivalent to. One goes with the other. Experience isn't only a uninvolved memory yet a functioning cooperation of the other. We can say along these lines that one is progressively intelligent in the event that one has more understanding and the other way around. Be that as it may, there are two degrees of reflection that we have to separate. The first is essential reflection. Our quick cognizance of what occurs we would say is our essential reflection. We should additionally separate this so as to think of a more profound comprehension. Starting here, we reproduce the experience while coordinating what we have found from it, consequently a greatness of information through reflection on experience. This is our auxiliary reflection or a reflection upon our appearance. Through this procedure, we become mindful of our mindfulness. We experience exclamatory mindfulness. This is the point at which we feel really invigorated. 12. The inquiry who am I despite everything hangs but then stays to be the most significant one we should reply. Through essential and optional reflection we may be capable this inquiry at long last. 13. In light of the auxiliary reflection I am ready to understand that I resemble this individual wearing somebody else’s garments. I have this inclination that I am not who I am presently and who I was previously. These acknowledge of mine makes me uncomfortable in light of the fact that I can't myself of the inquiry â€Å"Who truly am I? † 14. The government employee posing the inquiry are you Mr. someone or other may believe that I am crazy in the event that I answer â€Å"Certainly not† however this is the way I feel. I feel that I am not the man who I was any longer. I am not simply the individual I have written to be. My name as of now sounds diverse to me due to the acknowledge it brings to me. Who truly am I? 15. The uncomfortable inclination that I am not who I am any longer leads me to the inquiry again of who I truly am. 16. I have understood that am a not a clear someone. I am only this non-someone connected in a significantly dark manner, with a someone about who I am being interrogated concerning and about whom I am positively not allowed to answer exactly what I like right now since I am not the individual that the government worker is portraying any longer. 17. The uncomfortable inclination drives us to acknowledge that I am not an unequivocal someone. We need to investigate profoundly and test profoundly to this issue and ideally answer this inquiry. 18. I need to perceive the way that I am not a clear someone and in this manner acknowledge the realities that there is another sense where I am someone and that different somebodies likewise exist. 9. Marcel condemns the relationship that I have with myself in view of the Catch 22 of how I appear to myself as a clear someone and not a someone. I could be anyone who I figure I could be. An ace, a companion, an educator, a hireling. This mystery is according to myself as a subject. It is in connection of myself as these positive qualities are unexpected. 20. The inquiries come whether we can consider this not being an unmistakable someone exists. Exists such that I have something to characterize myself, something I live for and something I live by. Certainly the response to this inquiry is negative. Be that as it may, this doesn't imply that I am nonexistent, for it doesn't imply that what isn't real is fanciful. 21. Presently I come to ask myself. Does anything truly exist? Do I am aware of anything to demonstrate that I myself exist? These inquiries pose for a halfway huge presence without which I can't in any way, shape or form judge whatever else to exist. We ought to anyway clarify and test more into this announcement of existential indubitablity else we may have a crash with complete or altered suspicion. 22. All out suspicion questions the presence of anything. In the phenomenological level, complete suspicion is good for nothing. Our everyday encounters demonstrate to us what exists and what doesn't. Encounters that we ponder further makes us mindful of the presence of others and articles. There is an away from of what truly exists or not through reflection. 23. Relative incredulity then again causes me to inquire as to whether I do truly exist since I am the one doubting about presence of different things I ought to have the option to answer my own reality. The detachment of I and exist in the inquiry â€Å"Do I truly exist? † demonstrates that the â€Å"I† is never a â€Å"that† and furthermore that presence isn't a predicate. 4. The â€Å"I exist† is an apparent touchstone of experience in this way it can't be isolated. Marcel calls attention to that â€Å"I exist† lies in another level. It isn't something that one can gather so rapidly for â€Å"I exist† lies in the banks of each conceivable current of deduction. In this way the replacement made by current thinker s could be scrutinized since â€Å"Sentio, consequently sum† still shrouds a Cogito in view of the ‘ergo’. 25. To state that you exist can't be isolated from the way that you are existing, that is, others know about your reality also, to genuinely exist is to show. With it, questioning oneself can't be kept away from and by doing so we become increasingly mindful of ourselves as compared that a child’s articulations. 26. To exist and the consciousness of exis

The Man-Made Disaster: Chernobyl

Gulin Langbroek 11. 1 THE MAN-MADE DISASTER: CHERNOBYL â€Å"It is one of chronicles incongruities that the most exceedingly awful atomic mishap started as a test to improve wellbeing. †, states Snell (1988). The Soviets needed to discover how the Chernobyl power plant would adapt to an unexpected force misfortune, in this manner the test tried to what extent a turning turbine could give electric influence to specific frameworks in the plant. In the same way as other mishaps, the Chernobyl mishap came about because of a blend of human mistake and shortcomings in the structure of the plant.The man-made debacle occured at Unit 4 of the Chernobyl atomic force plant in the previous Ukranian Republic having a place with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and close to the fringes of Belarus and the Russian Federation. Following a short clarification of the wellbeing and social effects of the mishap, this article will talk about the blunders in judgment and predispositions that went on while running the Chernobyl power plant. Because of the mishap, huge amounts of radioactive material was discharged to the air, despite everything representing a danger to living creatures in that region.The radioactive portions caused long haul wellbeing impacts going from thyroid malignant growth to leukemia. The Chernobyl region was likewise associated straightforwardly with the stream frameworks of the Ukranian Republic, causing obliteration of natural life in waterways and furthermore passings of individuals who had devoured stream water. It is likewise a reality that cleaning the zone was similarly as risky to those individuals who needed to do it as they were presented to higher dosages of radiation. Rural locales close to Chernobyl had caused the creation of nourishments, for example, milk and vegetables with radioactive material contamination.Lots of individuals had to relocate from defiled zones to uncontaminated regions, making social issues, for example, loss of staff, no activity accessibility and a lot more troubles which made regular daily existence hopeless. Generally, the Chernobyl mishap has caused incredible pain and losses in the USSR and European nations. 1 There were a few mistakes which ought to be referenced before going into subtleties on the blunders in judgment. One blunder which may have caused the mishap was that it was a hurried experiment.The test was planned to be done not long before a reactor shutdown which just happened once per year, so the administrators felt constrained to finish it speedily with the goal that one more year wouldn't need to be paused. This presumably didn't trigger the mishap legitimately yet maybe was one of the variables making the essential measures and safety measures not be taken. The test was believed to be an electrical test in particular, so rather than the reactor experts, turbine producers were the ones who were watching it. In this way, the consequences for the reactor was not weighed fu lly.Finally, the Chernobyl plant was one of the most created and exceptionally technologic power plants at any point developed, thusly the administrators running it felt as though they were a selective and first class team and had fabricated an excess of presumptuousness, not understanding potential fiascos. To be explicit, a few inclinations could be named and dissected further. Maybe the most pivotal inclination which ought to be taken a gander at in all man-made debacles is the disregard of likelihood which is the propensity to discard the likelihood of disappointment when making a decision.This additionally connects to the pomposity predisposition since if the administrators had questioned the reactor in any case, more safeguards would have been taken. For this situation, such an enormous calamity had never occurred among Russia, and since the force plant as expressed before was thought to be entirely legitimate and outstanding, the directors of the plant had disregarded any lik elihood of the investigation turning out badly. As indicated by Kletz (2001)â€Å"The chiefs don't appear to have asked themselves what might happen if the investigation was unsuccessful.Before each examination we should list every single imaginable result and their belongings and choose how they will be taken care of. † 2 The second greatest inclination of the proprietors and constructors of the plant which caused the mishap was the useful fixedness predisposition. As it is expressed in Wikipedia (â€Å"List of Cognitive Biases 2012) â€Å"This inclination confines an individual to utilizing an item just in the manner it is generally used†. The reactor was worked in a standard based conduct, implying that the administrators were educated on what assignments they should finish yet not explained why it was so imperative to finish them.This had made them work the plant in a manner which Kletz (2001) states as â€Å"process feel as opposed to hypothetical knowledge†. Prior to the Chernobyl mishap, all reactors were planned and depended on the way that rules would be obeyed and guidelines would be followed so there was no compelling reason to set up extra defensive offices. This obviously could have been the most exceedingly terrible way to deal with building an atomic plant, considering the way that the laborers were not prepared to their best abilities.Instead of depending on the customary strategy for expecting administrators would observe the guidelines, the reactor ought to have been worked such that the principles couldn't be overlooked. That way the laborers would not have been restricted to utilizing their lacking data on the most proficient method to run a force plant and innovation would have carried out this responsibility rather than them. To put it plainly, the conventional method of depending on man-settled on choices ought to have been relinquished and depending on programmed gear ought to have been adjusted. Accepting administ rators would obey rules exposes another issue, the projection bias.The projection inclination is characterized as unknowingly expecting that one's very own feelings, contemplations and qualities are shared by others. The absence of correspondence between the administrators of the force plant and the administrators in how genuinely security measures ought to have been taken is among the greatest reasons for the calamity. As indicated by Kletz (2012), the directors of Chernobyl had â€Å"talked about completing things with no notice of wellbeing, leaving the administrators with the feeling that security is less important.Managers ought to recall, when giving guidelines, that what you don't state is as significant as what you do say. † 3 Last however not least, the greatest mistake in judgment the administrators could have had was brought about by the ostrich impact. This inclination is the demonstration of disregarding an undeniable negative sitution. The central issue is, the reason should any administrator disregard circumstances which could cause the passing of numerous individuals including their own? The appropriate response lies in how the administration framework was established.Because the reactor depended on choices of the higher specialists and not on defensive security types of gear, each and every detail of the force plant must be talked with the directors. As Kletz states (2012), â€Å"Everything must be alluded to the top so it was important to defy the norms so as to get anything done†. Running a force plant ought to have not depended on this sort of framework since administrators were bound to take alternate ways, not advise the supervisors or basically disregard issues so they could complete things rapidly. Had these inclinations and mistakes in judgment not occured, the mishap would maybe never have happened.In working such many-sided frameworks, for example, a force plant, one must remember two critical things: Always having defe nsive gear introduced and never letting laborers disregard security rules. Sadly as people, simply after this catastrophe have we started to avoid potential risk, making us survivors of the regularity inclination. Regardless, we should consistently pay special mind to human blunders that may prompt irreversible harm. 4 RESOURCES Marples, D. R. , and Snell, V. G. (1988). The social effect of the chernobyl calamity. London: The Macmillan Press Kletz, T. (2001). Gaining from accidents.Retrieved from ftp://193. 218. 136. 74/bar/anon/ELSEVIER-Referex/1-Chemical%20Petrochemical%20and%20Process%20Collection/CD1/KLETZ,%20T. %20A. %20(2001). %20Learning%20from%20Accidents%20(3rd%20ed. )/Learning_from_Accidents_3E. pdf European Commision, International Atomic Energy Agency and World Health Organization. (1996). Multi decade after chernobyl: Summing up the outcomes of the mishap. Austria: IAEA List of Cognitive Biases. (2012). In Wikipedia. Recovered November 16, 2012, from http://en. wikipedi a. organization/wiki/List_of_biases_in_judgment_and_decision_making 5

The strength of the wolf is the pack the strength of the pack is the w

This to me seems like a well-known axiom that my dad would let me know, your just as solid as the most vulnerable connection. In the marine corps this significance is very much practiced by all the marines. They realize that one marine can mean the contrast among life and demise and will all work to get the marines in their order under the equivalent physical and mental wellness. That is the reason when in training camp the entirety of the marines are gotten through similar preliminaries, they are dealt with like this so they will fill in as a group and when one falls the others will help. On the opposite side in the event that one marine is insufficient as a marine the whole unit Is incapable. In the start of training camp the enlisted people are put on the popular yellow impressions. They are rearranged through a structure getting deprived of any distinction that they have in the matter of 36 hours. They are then gotten through the most noticeably terrible conditions that the drill educators can consider and it is totally supportive of one reason. This intention is so the future marines can begin to learn just the corps. They discover that they are claimed and ensured by the articles of direct of the US and they are customized ordinarily with the subject of this paper. They are trained that they are just as solid as the most vulnerable connection and that they should help the more slow cadets. After training camp the marines will head out in their own direction. In some cases two or three the marines that graduated will be positioned together in a similar spot. It happens however they should never anticipate it as it is a 50-50 possibility. In the new station that they are given they are taking the abilities given to them from training camp. They can as a rule overlook these norms and commit errors that they should not to make. Anyway I should emphasize that marines are still just human, an error that individuals make when considering them they stroll with another pride after the path they endure. Many attempt to mutilate them and following 200 years they just snicker at the endeavors. If you somehow happened to run over a marine what might you see? Regularly individuals will say that they are self-important and chicken and that they think they are divine beings. These things are incompletely evident. Numerous marines really feel that when they are more youthful. As they develop they learn quietude and effortlessness and they become something looking like my dad. With the mindset that they may not be the best yet on the off chance that you hinder them they will move you. Marines consistently pay special mind to their own. They are, it might be said, similar to a wolf pack. They are faithful to their own and they will back one another in the mood for anything as long as that doesn?t mean they are overstepping the law. A marine will consistently be a marine, regardless of whether they are dead or resigned. What's more, in some cases when the need emerges they will be a wolf pack.

Personal Profile Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual Profile Paper - Essay Example eflection and cordiality, appreciate a position of safety just as tranquil autonomy, are autonomous, disdain being controlled and are inspired by the wants of others. Contrariwise, Reds will in general be eager for power, look to be locked in beneficially, need endorsement appraisals from others, appreciate a decent strategic maneuver and seek after administration openings. As a White, I will in general be a harmony attendant, continually remaining quiet and adjusted even with regards to strife; I am commonly lenient, kind, versatile and great at tuning in. Red character type, my flat mate is propelled by the need to complete things and he is supplied with initiative vision, aside from being mindful, conclusive, just as involved and confident. There are incredible contrasts between my flat mate and me; initially, while I can suit different people’s thoughts, my flat mate is a control crack and consistently needs to be in charge. Correspondingly, while I am quiet and open minded, that I would do anything including bargain to evade showdown, my flat mate is frequently fretful and solid willed, in this manner, consistently angry. Part from that, my flat mate consistently needs endorsement for knowledge and bits of knowledge while I want to stay under the radar and would not effectively volunteer sentiments except if I am cajoled to discuss my side interests or interests. My flat mate and I share something practically speaking, notwithstanding the principle contrasts as a part of our character types; correctly, the two of us are free and don't care for being constrained by others; we like to be autonomous in our work and don't prefer to be pushed around. Our unique and about restricted character types have extraordinarily impacted correspondence among us, and our relationship has regularly been baffled by various false impressions. Regardless, with the information on our distinctive character types and character qualities, my flat mate and I have figured out how to by-pass our misconceptions in this way evading clashes. As a white, I am roused by harmony, regardless of whether it implies

Tourist Destination Region

Question: Talk about the Tourist Destination Region. Answer: Presentation: This article has recognized the segment profiling of the food voyagers with a fixation on the socio-segment and the social conduct of the food visitors in Australia. This examination has discovered that the significant portion of the food voyagers involves the female respondents. As referenced by Robinson and Getz (2014, pp. 690-706), there is a tendency towards the higher instructive foundation and financial riches among the food vacationers. Also, the article has recognized that the food sightseers love to visit puts those offer alluring food choices combined with social and touring exercises. This article has gathered information from the potential food voyagers themselves with an online overview, and significant bits of writing have upheld the information. Being led in 2014, the article is giving a believable and current situation of the food the travel industry. By examining the information with SPSS and its plain portrayal has intelligently settled the discoveries of the exploration. In any case, the geographic impediment of the discoveries and the enormous volume of information have made an intricacy in the investigating and speaking to the aftereffects of research. This article gives a knowledge into the variables compelling in drawing in travelers (principally the foodies) to a specific visitor goal locale (TDR). The exploration result gives a thought of the residential travel conduct which can be used in the improvement of a TDR. The article has recognized the ramifications of climatic change upon the vacationer goals of Australia concerning the visitor inflows, the travel industry arranging, and the executives. Amelung and Nicholls (2014, pp. 228-244), have talked about that there is a probability of progress in the spatial and consecutive layout of climatic open door for the travel industry, with a southward move of the alluring climatic condition and decay of the climatic reasonableness in northern attractions. This adjustment in the climatic texture is impacting the travel industry business of Australia. Various past insightful articles and legislative narrative sources have given the base of the examination. By utilizing the Tourism Climatic Index (TCI) the creators have examined all the gathered information from the sound auxiliary sources. Be that as it may, Amelung and Nicholls (2014, pp. 228-244) have distinguished that the utilization of the Hadley Centers HadCM3 model has restricted the probability of the information to give an adaptable outcome. Additionally, the utilization of TCI has limited the possibility of assessment of other climatic factors. The paper has a biasness towards recognizing the ramifications of climatic change in the travel industry business has overlooked the change design in the client conduct with regards to climatic change which is a significant variable in the dealing with a TDR. The article has recommended a couple of conceivable positive responses to address the potential changes in the climatic example of Australian traveler goals. The anticipated changes in the climatic example and the proposals made by the creators will be useful for the fruitful activity of a specific vacationer goal locale (TDR) in Australia. The examination has intended to investigate the method of forming the goal picture for better offering better support to the Arab guests at Gold Coast, Australia. Abodeeb, Wilson and Moyle (2015, pp.6-21) have recognized that the DMOs in Australia are endeavoring hard to make a decent band picture of Gold Coast to the Arab guests by maintaining key organization among the DMOs from both the goals. In addition, the creators have distinguished that the Arabian sites have underlined on the ocean sea shores as a state of fascination of Gold Coast while they disregarded the shopping and facilities as the wellspring of fascination. The article has set up its establishment from trustworthy research articles and administrative information. By utilizing the exploratory and blended technique for examine, the article has procured an extraordinary scope of ramifications of the examination discoveries. With the discoveries, the creators have effectively achieved the motivation behind recognizing the method of forming the brand picture of the goal markets. Notwithstanding, the exploration has investigated the status of brand inclination just inside the Arabian clients. It has limited the possibility of the discoveries to be used in a more extensive setting. The examination result gives utilizing the social factors in making appreciation for the potential guests for the vacationer brands. The examination discoveries will be useful for the goal promoting associations to comprehend the extraordinary needs of the different societies in making a solid brand picture of a goal. The article has investigated how representative government assistance and human asset the executives can impact the client assistance in the vacationer business. Dickson and Huyton (2008, pp.199-214) have recognized that a difficult day to day environment of the regular staffs is probably going to upset the administration proficiency of the travel industry associations in Australia. Henceforth, the creators have proposed that the associations need to start HR approaches which make stuff fulfillment for guaranteeing consumer loyalty. Here, in this article the writer has the goal recognizing the significance of worker fulfillment in client assistance. The creators have consistently depicted how the various factors like work status, instructive level, information and offices, the personal satisfaction and numerous different components are being powerful in deciding the worker fulfillment and its suggestion on the client support. Accordingly, the paper has effectively achieved its goals. Be that as it may, the examination has incorporated the respondents from the mountain locale as it were. It has restricted the extent of the relevance of the exploration discoveries. The examination has demonstrated that the occasional staffs are essential for the accomplishment of the travel industry business. Henceforth, it is significant for the organizations to set out a worker arranged strategy for guaranteeing representative fulfillment, which will, thusly, make improved client support. Client care is the center to the achievement of the travel industry associations. Thus, the assessment of the creators will help the DMOs in getting achievement. Self-reflection: From the basic assessment of the above-examined articles has expanded and advancement my aptitudes of exploring on pertinent data and speculations. With the above-expressed investigation, I have distinguished the significance of the client inclinations, climatic conditions, and involvement with useful administration and achievement of the travel industry goals and significance of the worker the board and their fulfillment level on the nature of the client care. With regards to inquiring about on the subject of TDR and the travel industry the executives, this examination has given me the extent of distinguishing the related elements of the subject of my exploration. In addition, I have additionally discovered that inquiring about on a specific point may include a scope of moderately disconnected variables (food inclination of clients). Henceforth, it has fortified my quality as a specialist and aptitude of distinguishing applicable variables those are significant for a specific theme. Nonetheless, with regards to the basic examination of these three articles, I have distinguished that the utilization of the factual strategies in the information investigation, represents a limitation on me over the span of my comprehension of the exploration result. In addition, I have recognized that I should be progressively cognizant while picking an article as it might neglect to cover a total scope of a theme and have a one-sided approach while breaking down the information. References: Abodeeb, J, Wilson, E, Moyle, B, 2015, Shaping goal picture and personality: bits of knowledge for Arab the travel industry at the Gold Coast, Australia, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(1), pp.6-21. Amelung, B, and Nicholls, S, 2014, Implications of environmental change for the travel industry in Australia, Tourism Management, 41, pp.228-244. Dickson, T,J, Huyton, J, 2008, Customer administration, worker government assistance and snowsports the travel industry in Australia, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(2), pp.199-214. Robinson, R, and Getz, D, 2014, Profiling potential food sightseers: An Australian examination, British Food Journal, 116(4), pp.690-706.

Types and Problems of Personality Testing

Types and Problems of Personality Testing Theories Personality Psychology Print How Personality Testing Is Used in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 29, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 14, 2020 Judi Ashlock / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Personality testing and assessment refer to techniques that are used to accurately and consistently measure personality.?? Personality tests can be used to help furthur clarify a clinical diagnosis, to guide therapeutic interventions, and to help predict how people may respond in different situations. Personality is something that we informally assess and describe every day. When we talk about ourselves and others, we frequently refer to different characteristics of an individuals personality. Psychologists do much the same thing when they assess personality but on a much more systematic and scientific level. How Are Personality Tests Used? Personality tests are administered for a number of different purposes, including: For assessing theoriesTo look at changes in personalityTo evaluate the effectiveness of therapyDiagnosing psychological problemsScreening job candidates?? Personality tests are also sometimes used in forensic settings to conduct risk assessments, establish competence and in child custody disputes.?? Types of Personality Assessment There are two basic types of personality tests: self-report inventories and projective tests. Self-report inventories involve having test-takers read questions and then rate how well the question or statement applies to them.?? One of the most common self-report inventories is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory or MMPI.Projective tests involve presenting the test-taker with a vague scene, object, or scenario and then asking them to give their interpretation of the test item. One well-known example of a projective test is the Rorschach Inkblot Test.?? What Can a Personality Test Tell You? Personality tests can be useful for a number of reasons. These tests can help you learn more about yourself and better understand both your strengths and weaknesses. While all personality tests are different, learning that you might be high on a specific trait can help you gain greater insight into your own behavioral patterns. For example, your results on a personality test might indicate that you rate high on the personality trait of introversion. This result suggests that you have to expend energy in social situations, so you need to find time alone to recharge your energy. Knowing that you have this tendency can help you recognize when you are getting drained from socializing and set aside quiet moments to regain your equilibrium. Potential Problems With Personality Testing Each of these approaches has its own unique set of strengths, weaknesses, and limitations. The greatest benefit of self-report inventories is that they can be standardized and use established norms. Self-inventories are also relatively easy to administer and have much higher reliability and validity than projective tests. One of the biggest disadvantages of self-report inventories is that it is possible for people to engage in deception when answering questions. Even though techniques can be used to detect deception, people can still successfully provide false answers often in an effort to fake good or appear more socially acceptable and desirable.?? Another potential problem is that people are not always good at accurately describing their own behavior.?? People tend to overestimate certain tendencies (especially ones that are viewed as socially desirable) while underestimating other characteristics. This can have a serious impact on the accuracy of a personality test. Self-report personality tests can also be quite long, in some cases taking several hours to complete. Not surprisingly, respondents can quickly become bored and frustrated. When this happens, test-takers will often answer questions as quickly as possible, often without even reading the test items. Projective tests are most often used in psychotherapy settings and allow therapists to quickly gather a great deal of information about a client. For example, a therapist can look not only at the clients response to a particular test item; they can also take into account other qualitative information such as the clients tone of voice and body language. All of this can be explored in greater depth as the client progresses through therapy sessions. However, projective tests also have a number of disadvantages and limitations. The first problem lies in the interpretation of the responses. Scoring test items are highly subjective and different raters might provide entirely different viewpoints of the responses.?? These tests also tend to lack both reliability and validity. Remember, reliability refers to the consistency of a test while validity involves whether the test is really measuring what it claims to measure.?? Is Personality Testing Scientific or Entertaining? As you start looking at all of the different personality assessments that are available, you will probably notice one thing quite quickly: there are a lot of informal tests out there! Just a simple online search will turn up an enormous range of quizzes and tests designed to tell you something about your personality. Lets make one thing clearâ€"the vast majority of these quizzes that youll encounter online are just for fun. They can be entertaining and they might even give you a little insight into your personality, but they are in no way formal, scientific assessments of personality.   How Projective Tests Are Used to Measure Personality

Shakespeare’s presentation of Benvolio and Mercutio and the contrasting effects they have on Romeo. - Literature Essay Samples

Shakespeare uses a great number of linguistic and structural devices throughout his play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in order to portray the characters and their relationships with one another. In this essay I will explore and analyse the effects and intentions of his writing and the ways in which they present the contrasting effects Benvolio and Mercutio each have on Romeo. Shakespeare makes explicit throughout the play that both Benvolio and Mercutio are both good friends to Romeo. From the beginning of the play Benvolio is established as both an advisor and confidant to Romeo, someone who Romeo clearly trusts. Benvolio repeated encourages Romeo to forget about Rosaline as he instructs him to ‘Compare her face with some that [he] shall show and [he] will make thee think thy swan a crow’, advice that leads to Romeo falling in love with Juliet. To many audiences it may seem like a sound suggestion, however to a more superstitious audience, the ornithological imagery used by Shakespeare in this declarative foreshadows the fated end of Romeo and Juliet’s relationship, made poignant by the fact that a crow can be seen as a sign of death. By linking this extended metaphor and use of an imperative to Romeo meeting Juliet, Shakespeare’s intention was to not only to demonstrate how influential Benvolio is to Romeo at this point, but t o imply that it was Benvolio’s advice, in spite of his intentions, that eventually lead to the death of his cousin – ironic, indeed, since Benvolio is such a passive character. Conversely, whist it could be inferred that Mercutio’s persistent mocking of Romeo shows a lack of courtesy towards his friend and kinsman however, at various points in the play, Shakespeare subtly demonstrates to what degree Mercutio cares for Romeo. In his monologue about Queen Mab Mercutio describes how ‘she gallops night by night Through lovers brains, and then they dream of love;’ this mythical imagery demonstrating that Mercutio does not believe in abstract concepts, whether it be dreams or love. Whilst this attitude could portray Mercutio as callous or ignorant, Shakespeare’s intention in employing this metaphor could well have been to reveal a more insightful side to Mercutio’s character, whether or not his beliefs are typical. By relaying such complex, and possibly personal, thoughts to Romeo, it is made explicit that Mercutio really does care for Romeo – the level of disclosure demonstrating the extent of their friendship. However, it is clear that Romeo doesn’t agree with Mercutio and is implied that if Romeo were to pay more attention to Mercutio, many events of the play may not have taken place, and indeed ended so tragically. Shakespeare’s intention here was to allow the audience to understand that if Mercutio had approached advising Romeo in a different way, whereby he was more sincere, Romeo may have been more inclined to consider his point of view. Subsequently, Mercutio’s influence over Romeo could have been far greater, to the extent that it could have prevented Romeo from falling in love with Juliet, and later, his death. Whilst Benvolio’s good natured encouragement has a significant effect on Romeo, Mercutio’s taunting only pushes him away a clear demonstration of the contrast ing effects each of these characters have on Romeo. Furthermore, the various attitudes to love expressed in the play each contrast one another tremendously. From all of Mercutio’s appearances in the play it is clear that love is not something he values very highly. Mercutio advises Romeo to ‘prick love for pricking’, one of many times that he diminishes Romeo’s high regard for love by implying that it is good for nothing except sex, as Mercutio instructs Romeo to view women as sex objects. This metaphor effectively portrays how Mercutio feels Romeo should regard love; Mercutio views love as futile and petty and wishes Romeo would view it in the same way. The declarative advises Romeo to adopt such an attitude and the audience witness it briefly mirrored by Romeo when he says that Juliet should ‘Be not her maid’, yet another sexual metaphor referencing Juliet’s virginity. Since this is one of the first things the audience hear Romeo say about Juliet it could be inferred that his love for J uliet is no different from that he felt for Rosaline and that Romeo’s attitude to love has been greatly influenced by Mercutio’s endless teasing. When Mercutio makes his first appearance in the play, Romeo’s affection is centred on Rosaline and it seems that his opinion of love may be similar to that of Mercutio. However, Shakespeare then creates a stark contrast when he introduces Juliet and Romeo’s true perception of love is revealed by how highly he regards her. Unlike Mercutio, from the beginning of the play it seems that Benvolio is very aware of whether or not Romeo is really in love; during Romeo’s previous heartbreak he instructs Romeo to ‘Examine other beauties’. This declarative offering Romeo sound advice reveals to the audience that Benvolio knows Romeo very well and cares greatly about his wellbeing. Although a modern audience could perceive Benvolio’s opinion of love to be fickle and shallow, it is Shakespeare†™s intention to make explicit that Benvolio only wants happiness for Romeo, hence why he so readily offers Romeo advice. It is from this that the audience understand that Romeo’s approach to love is actually the opposite of that of Mercutio’s, and is primarily influenced by Benvolio’s words of encouragement, rather than Mercutio’s dismissals. By foreshadowing later events, Shakespeare’s intention was to display Romeo’s beliefs to be similar to Benvolio’s; love is something Benvolio values, hence why he wants Romeo to find true love. In terms of love, Benvolio and Mercutio both offer a large degree of advice to Romeo. However, it is clear that Benvolio has a far more substantial effect on Romeo that Mercutio. Indeed, it could be said that both Benvolio and Mercutio exhibit a certain degree of culpability for the tragic ending of the play. Benvolio is constantly looking to avoid conflict; after Tybalt’s challenge to Romeo, Benvolio warns Mercutio, and indeed the audience, that ‘if [they] meet [they] shall not ‘scape a brawl’. However, this imperative and others like it throughout the play persistently fail to prevent the considerable amount of violence seen throughout. From this it could be deduced that if Benvolio were to have been more forceful when attempting to prevent conflict, then perhaps the play’s tragic ending may never have come about. However, promises such as ‘I’ll pay that doctrine, or else die in debt’ present Benvolio as kind and loyal friend to Romeo. Whilst this metaphor simply swears Benvolio will ensure Romeo overcomes his heartbreak, a more perceptive audience may infer that at this point Benvolio makes a pact to bea r responsibility for Romeo’s long-term wellbeing. Subsequently it could be understood that this imperative foreshadows later events in the play, specifically when Benvolio essentially saves Romeo by commanding him to leave Verona or else ‘the prince will doom thee death’, advice which Romeo immediately acts upon, demonstrating that, at this point in the play, Shakespeare’s intention was to highlight that Benvolio’s effect on Romeo is extremely beneficial to him. Benvolio’s insistent tone along with the use of an imperative, ensures that, unlike other occasions, he is not ignored. This is significant in that it marks a turning point in the play whereby Benvolio is solely responsible for the life of Romeo, with no input whatsoever from Mercutio. In fact, many audiences may conclude that Mercutio bares most of the culpability for Romeo’s fateful end. This is made so obvious when Mercutio casts ‘A plague on both [their] housesâ€℠¢, which the audience, especially that of an Elizabethan era of whom many were superstitious, could view as the primary reason for Romeo’s death, making Mercutio extremely responsible. Through his employment of such a dramatic metaphor, Shakespeare’s intention was to blatantly foreshadow the death of both Romeo and Juliet, bringing about a shocking realisation for the audience that had Mercutio not cursed the families, the fateful end may never have taken place. This is one of few points throughout the play where Shakespeare’s presentation of Mercutio versus that of Benvolio compels the audience to conclude that Mercutio’s effect on Romeo is considerably more consequential than Benvolio’s. In addition to this, with honour and the feud being such important parts of the play, it’s almost inevitable that Benvolio and Mercutio are to have different views regarding them, with indeed, contrasting effects on Romeo. Even from Benvolio’s first appearance in he tries to evade conflict as he commands his friends and rivals to ‘Part fools! Put up your swords, you know not what you do.’, the derogatory adjective ‘fools’ giving the audience immediate insight on Benvolio’s passive nature, establishing his role as a peacekeeper. Here, Shakespeare uses one of many imperative seen in Benvolio’s dialogue throughout the play. However, in spite of this Benvolio is never successful in preventing conflict; ironically, on some occasions his words of disparagement have a reverse effect, often on Mercutio, who rashly involves himself in violence. It could be argued that Benvolio’s peaceful nature is mirrored by Romeo when he attempts to avoid fighting with Tybalt. However, other than this, there is little evidence to suggest that Benvolio’s views on the feud has an extensive impact on Romeo. Much unlike Benvolio, Mercutio believes strongly in honour, as shown when he disapproves of Romeo’s refusal to fight Tybalt, describing it as ‘calm, dishonourable, vile submission’. Shakespeare’s use of this powerful tricolon establishes strong irony, since it is Mercutio’s violent instincts that result in his death. Mercutio’s careless attitude to conflict has a significant impact on Romeo; had Mercutio not fought with Tybalt, Romeo would never have never avenged his death, preventing Romeo’s banishment and indeed, his tragic end. It is from this that the audience can determine that Mercutio’s character has a particularly unfortunate effect on Romeo, whereas, with regards to honour and the feud, Benvolio has almost no effect on Romeo – thus placing a treme ndous degree of responsibility for Romeo’s death on Mercutio.